Researchers analyzed 59 reusable products—including pads, period underwear, menstrual cups, and incontinence garments—and detected PFAS in every item tested. Median concentrations in these reusable items were over nine times higher (380 ng/g) than in single-use versions.
PFAS, often called "forever chemicals," are used for their water- and stain-resistant properties. They persist in the environment and are linked to a wide range of health effects, including hormone disruption, infertility, and cancer.
Whether we wear feminine hygiene products or not, we will all be exposed. With time, these chemicals leach into our drinking water, irrigation systems, and food supply.
While most prior studies have focused on ionic PFAS—those with a measurable charge—the new research identified extremely high levels of “neutral” PFAS in reusable period products. Neutral PFAS, which are more difficult to detect and are not currently regulated, made up over 98% of the total PFAS in the reusable items tested.
Some neutral PFAS can be more easily absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes, which may raise unique concerns for products that come in close contact with sensitive areas. In several items, researchers detected concentrations in the parts-per-million range—orders of magnitude higher than commonly measured ionic compounds.
The study found that approximately one-third of reusable period underwear and one-quarter of reusable pads contained intentionally added PFAS. These chemicals are likely included to provide leak resistance—often embedded in textile coatings or internal product layers.
Researchers noted that PFAS were inconsistently applied: some products had them in skin-contact layers, others in middle or outer layers, pointing to a lack of quality control or awareness across manufacturers. Many reusable textiles were sourced from third-party suppliers abroad, potentially outside the reach of strict chemical safety guidelines.
While the findings may alarm sustainability-minded consumers, researchers emphasized that not all products contained high levels of PFAS—suggesting safer alternatives are feasible.
The report adds urgency to a growing call for transparency, regulation, and further research into chemical exposure through intimate products—especially given how many people rely on them monthly for decades.
Associate Professor Marta Venier, shared:
“Consumers should know that not everything that is in a product is listed on the package. Increased transparency from manufacturers would help consumers make informed decisions about what they’re purchasing for themselves and their families.”
